Kazakhstan and Turkey signed a Declaration on Eternal Friendship and Expanded Strategic Partnership during President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's state visit to Astana on Thursday, as the two countries set a bilateral trade target of €13 billion and deepened cooperation across the defence, energy, transport and digital sectors.
Kazakhstan has pursued what it describes as a multi-vector foreign policy, balancing relations with Russia, China, the West and Turkey simultaneously.
